How to Use the Pen Tool for Vector Masks

The Pen Tool is one of the most powerful features in image editing software like Adobe Photoshop, allowing you to create sharp, scalable, and non-destructive cutouts. This guide provides a straightforward walkthrough on how to configure the Pen Tool, plot precise anchor points around an object, convert your closed path into an active vector mask, and edit the final result for professional-grade selections.

1. Set Up the Pen Tool

Select the layer containing the image you want to edit. Press P on your keyboard or select the Pen Tool from the toolbar. In the top options bar, locate the tool mode dropdown and ensure it is set to Path, rather than Shape or Pixels. Enable Rubber Band in the gear icon settings if you want a preview line to follow your cursor as you draw.

2. Draw the Path Around the Subject

Zoom in closely to your subject to ensure accuracy:

  • Straight lines: Click once to place an anchor point, then click elsewhere to create a straight segment between the two points.
  • Curved lines: Click and drag to create an anchor point with direction handles. Dragging determines the angle and curvature of the line.
  • Adjusting curves: Hold Alt (Windows) or Option (macOS) and click a direction handle to adjust its angle independently, allowing you to change direction abruptly around sharp corners.
  • Moving points: Hold Ctrl (Windows) or Command (macOS) to temporarily switch to the Direct Selection Tool, enabling you to reposition misplaced anchor points.

Continue plotting points around the contour of your subject. Finish the path by hovering over the initial starting point until a small circle appears next to the cursor, then click to close the path.

3. Convert the Path to a Vector Mask

Once the path is fully closed, apply it as a vector mask using one of the following methods:

  • Shortcuts: Hold Ctrl (Windows) or Command (macOS) and click the Add Layer Mask icon at the bottom of the Layers panel.
  • Menu Bar: Go to the top menu and select Layer > Vector Mask > Current Path.

The area outside your path will instantly become hidden, isolating your subject. In the Layers panel, a second thumbnail with a gray path outline will appear next to your image thumbnail, indicating that the vector mask is active.

4. Fine-Tune and Edit the Vector Mask

Because vector masks are based on mathematical paths, they remain fully editable and resolution-independent:

  • Modifying the shape: Select the Direct Selection Tool (shortcut A), click on the path, and drag anchor points or handles to correct any alignment errors.
  • Adding or removing points: Use the Add Anchor Point Tool or Delete Anchor Point Tool to introduce more detail or simplify complex sections.
  • Softening edges: Select the vector mask thumbnail in the Layers panel, open the Properties panel, and adjust the Feather slider to blend hard vector edges naturally into the background.